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GNDU Question Paper-2021
B.A 1
st
Semester
HOME SCIENCE
(Family Resource Management & Hygiene)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 60
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section-E is compulsory.
SECTION-A
1. What is home? Give the importance of Home Science in modern society.
2. What are the points to be kept in mind while selecting the following:
(a) Site
(b) Soil for home?
SECTION-B
3. Explain with examples the elements of art:
(a) Line
(b) Form.
4. Draw and label the colour wheel.
SECTION-C
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5. Define infection and give sources of infection.
6. Explain the cause of Malaria. What is the method used to prevent spread of Malaria?
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the hygiene methods used during food preparation and food storage.
8. Explain the process of water purification.
GNDU Answer Paper-2021
B.A 1
st
Semester
HOME SCIENCE
(Family Resource Management & Hygiene)
Time Allowed: Three Hours Max. Marks: 60
Note: Attempt Five questions in all, selecting at least One question from each section. The
Fifth question may be attempted from any section. All questions carry equal marks.
Section-E is compulsory.
SECTION-A
1. What is home? Give the importance of Home Science in modern society.
Ans: Home: More Than Four Walls and a Roof
One winter evening in Shimla, an elderly woman named Shanta Devi welcomed a group of
tourists into her modest cottage. She served hot chai in clay cups, wrapped woolen shawls
around their shoulders, and told stories by the fireplace. “This place,” she said with a smile,
“might look simple. But it's where my children learned their first words, where every corner
knows our laughter, and even silence has memories.”
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In that moment, the visitors understood—a home is not just a building. It’s a feeling, a
memory, a classroom, a sanctuary. It’s where life unfolds in its rawest, most genuine form.
What Is Home?
At its core, a home is a space where people live. But it’s much deeper than just shelter—it’s
a center of relationships, culture, comfort, identity, and growth. It could be a small hut or a
grand mansion, but what makes it a “home” is the human experience within it.
Home is:
• Emotional: A place of love, security, and belonging
• Functional: Where daily routines—from cooking to sleeping—take place
• Social: A unit where individuals learn values, roles, communication
• Cultural: Where traditions, language, and customs are practiced
It’s the first school, the first hospital, the first restaurant, and for many, the first temple.
Enter Home Science: The Hidden Backbone of Modern Society
Now imagine this—if a home is the “heart,” Home Science is its heartbeat. It is a
multidisciplinary field that studies how to manage the home and enhance the quality of life
for individuals, families, and communities.
Home Science may sound like "cooking and stitching," but it's so much more. It blends:
• Biology: Nutrition and human development
• Chemistry: Food preservation and hygiene
• Physics: Home appliances and energy use
• Economics: Budgeting and resource management
• Psychology & Sociology: Family dynamics and child development
• Design & Technology: Home layout, textiles, ergonomics
In short, Home Science helps build, maintain, and improve homes—and by extension,
society.
Importance of Home Science in Modern Society
As lifestyles change and societies evolve, Home Science becomes more relevant than ever.
Here's why:
1. Nutrition and Health
• Teaches how to prepare balanced meals
• Highlights the importance of vitamins, minerals, and safe cooking methods
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• Focuses on managing diseases through diet (like diabetes, hypertension)
• Helps prevent lifestyle disorders caused by poor eating habits
Story Glimpse: In Tamil Nadu, a rural school implemented a nutrition curriculum based
on Home Science. Within a year, cases of anemia in girls dropped significantly—just by
educating them on iron-rich foods.
2. Consumer Education
• Educates people about smart buying, avoiding frauds, and understanding product
labels
• Promotes sustainable consumption and waste reduction
• Helps in managing family budgets and resources efficiently
In a world of fast fashion and marketing hype, Home Science trains people to be responsible
and informed consumers.
3. Child Development and Family Studies
• Studies emotional, social, and cognitive growth of children
• Prepares individuals for parenting, teaching, and caregiving
• Improves communication and bonding among family members
• Encourages gender equality and mutual respect at home
In nuclear families and fast-paced lives, Home Science revives emotional health and
understanding within households.
4. Hygiene and Sanitation
• Educates about clean surroundings and personal hygiene
• Promotes practices that reduce illnesses and infections
• Teaches effective waste management, especially relevant during pandemics
Clean homes contribute to healthy communities. A trained Home Science student can bring
meaningful improvements to rural and urban hygiene.
5. Mental Health and Counseling
• Introduces stress management techniques
• Supports mental well-being through lifestyle guidance
• Trains individuals to recognize and respond to emotional needs
In an age of anxiety and burnout, Home Science offers home-based solutions for restoring
mental balance.
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6. Textile and Fashion Designing
• Studies fabrics, stitching techniques, and textile care
• Promotes cultural attire and sustainable clothing
• Opens career paths in fashion, design, and tailoring
This isn’t just about looking good—it’s about wearing well-crafted and meaningful clothes
while respecting culture and environment.
7. Home Management and Interior Design
• Instructs on space utilization, budgeting, and ergonomic design
• Helps in creating homes that are functional, aesthetic, and inclusive
• Considers safety, accessibility, and comfort for all members
With urban spaces shrinking, knowledge of interior design from Home Science ensures
efficient and cozy living.
8. Career Opportunities and Empowerment
• Opens doors to careers in nutrition, teaching, counseling, fashion, hospitality, social
work
• Empowers women, especially in rural areas, to lead and earn
• Supports skill development and entrepreneurship (catering, tailoring, daycare)
Home Science acts as a launchpad—especially for girls and homemakers—to engage
meaningfully with the economy.
Societal Impact: Building Healthier Homes Means Building Healthier Nations
When homes run smoothly, societies thrive. Home Science is deeply connected to:
• Public health
• Education
• Gender equality
• Economic stability
• Environmental sustainability
Imagine a society where every child is well-nourished, every home is safe and clean, and
every individual feels mentally and emotionally supported—that’s the goal of Home Science.
Academic Value
In schools and colleges, Home Science bridges the gap between theory and everyday life. It
helps students understand:
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• The science behind household chores
• The art behind relationships
• The economics behind budgeting
• The ethics behind caring
It’s both practical and philosophical—which makes it unique and powerful.
Final Thoughts: A Home Is an Artwork, and Home Science Is the Brush
Home Science doesn’t just teach skills—it nurtures wisdom. It shows how to build homes
that don’t just stand on bricks, but on understanding, care, and science.
So when Shanta Devi made her humble cottage glow with warmth, she was unknowingly
applying principles of Home Science—nutrition, family bonding, resourcefulness, and
culture.
In today’s society, Home Science is not outdated—it is foundational. Whether you’re
managing a household, running a business, or leading a nation—the wisdom it offers can
guide us to live better, love deeper, and build brighter homes.
2. What are the points to be kept in mind while selecting the following:
(a) Site
(b) Soil for home?
Ans: Choosing the Right Ground: The First Step to a Safe and Happy Home
When the Sharma family finally saved enough to build their dream home in Himachal, they
chose a hilltop with a breathtaking view of the valley. But within two monsoons, cracks
appeared in their walls, water flooded their basement, and the structure tilted—ever so
slightly. It turned out, the beautiful site had unstable soil and poor drainage. That costly
lesson taught them something important: The land beneath your feet matters just as much
as the walls around you.
In construction, selecting a suitable site and soil isn’t just about geography—it’s about
safety, longevity, comfort, and economy. These foundational decisions shape everything
that follows.
Part A: Points to Be Considered While Selecting a Site for a Home
Choosing a site is like choosing where to plant the seed of a future. It must be carefully
evaluated on several fronts:
1. Topography of the Land
• Flat land is ideal for construction and reduces cost.
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• Hilly areas require terracing and may face drainage issues.
• Avoid valleys and flood-prone zones unless specialized designs are used.
A land’s physical shape influences not just construction but future comfort.
2. Stability and Safety
• Avoid landslide-prone areas, especially in hilly terrain.
• Check for history of earthquakes, floods, or subsidence.
• Stability ensures long-term durability of your structure.
Safety is always more important than aesthetics.
3. Availability of Water
• Proximity to clean and adequate water sources is crucial for daily needs.
• Groundwater table should be accessible and not contaminated.
Water is the lifeblood of a home, and its access must be ensured from day one.
4. Accessibility and Connectivity
• Site should connect to roads, public transport, and utilities.
• Ease of access affects both emergency services and daily life.
Remote beauty loses its charm when an ambulance can’t reach it in time.
5. Infrastructure Facilities Nearby
• Electricity, sewage lines, phone signal, internet—all must be reachable.
• Availability of schools, hospitals, and markets enhances living standards.
A well-connected site means fewer expenses on installing basic services later.
6. Orientation and Climatic Conditions
• A site that allows natural sunlight and airflow reduces energy costs.
• Consider prevailing winds, rainfall direction, and weather extremes.
Homes facing east or north often enjoy morning sunlight and ventilation in India.
7. Legal Clearances and Zoning Laws
• Confirm land ownership and title deeds before purchasing.
• Check building norms, land-use permissions, and municipal guidelines.
Legal hassles can delay or derail projects for years.
8. Environmental Impact and Sustainability
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• Avoid sites near wildlife reserves, ecologically sensitive zones, or protected forests.
• Check if you can incorporate rainwater harvesting or green architecture.
Modern housing should respect nature, not disturb it.
9. Drainage and Natural Water Flow
• Inspect for natural water channels that might flood during rains.
• Proper drainage ensures hygiene and protects your foundation.
Ignoring water paths leads to soggy basements and mosquito invasions.
10. Surrounding Community and Social Environment
• A peaceful, respectful community adds to your quality of life.
• Safety, cultural compatibility, and social harmony matter long-term.
A house becomes a home when neighbors share in your joys.
Story Break: The Misplaced Mansion
In Gujarat, a wealthy family built a luxury villa near a salt flat, wooed by vast open land. But
months later, salty winds corroded their walls, plumbing rusted, and crops wouldn’t grow.
Experts concluded the soil salinity had seeped into every part of the house, making it unfit
for healthy living.
Lesson? The soil you build on isn’t just beneath you—it enters your walls, water, and lungs.
Part B: Points to Be Considered While Selecting Soil for a Home
Just as a plant needs healthy soil to grow strong, a home needs solid earth to stand tall.
Different soils behave differently under pressure, moisture, and load.
1. Bearing Capacity
• This refers to how much weight the soil can safely support.
• Strong soils like rocky and gravel soils have high bearing capacity.
• Weak soils like clay or peat may need reinforcement.
If the soil can't bear the load, the house will eventually sink, tilt, or crack.
2. Drainage and Moisture Content
• Soils should drain water quickly and not retain excess moisture.
• Waterlogging leads to dampness, fungi, and structural weakening.
Clay retains water—bad for foundations. Sandy soil drains well—better, but may shift.
3. Soil Composition
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• Ideal soils include balanced sand, silt, and clay (loam).
• Pure clay or silt can shrink or expand with water, causing foundation movement.
Understanding the soil mix is essential for choosing the right foundation design.
4. Soil Stability and Movement
• Some soils, like expansive clay, swell during rains and shrink in droughts.
• Others, like black cotton soil, require special precautions.
Such soils may demand deep pile foundations or soil replacement.
5. Chemical Properties of Soil
• Soils with high salinity or acidic content can damage the building over time.
• Salt in soil corrodes metal and reduces the life of concrete.
Before building, a soil test is done to examine chemical risks.
6. Ease of Excavation and Construction
• Soft soils are easier to dig but may collapse without support.
• Very hard soils need heavy machinery, increasing cost.
Knowing this helps plan labor, cost, and construction time effectively.
7. Soil Testing Reports
Before any construction, a geotechnical survey must be conducted:
• It includes Standard Penetration Tests (SPT)
• Moisture content and permeability checks
• Soil profile and type
These help engineers design safe and economical foundations.
Soil Types and Suitability for Construction
Soil Type
Characteristics
Suitability
Sandy Soil
Drains fast, low cohesion
Needs compaction
Clay Soil
Expands/shrinks, retains water
Not ideal; risky
Loamy Soil
Balanced texture, good fertility
Ideal
Gravel Soil
High bearing capacity, drains well
Excellent
Black Cotton Soil
High expansion, moisture-sensitive
Needs special treatment
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Peaty Soil
High organic content, retains water
Unsuitable
Final Reflection: The Ground Beneath Dreams
Picking the right site and soil isn’t just about science—it’s about protecting futures, families,
and finances. These choices decide whether your home remains a haven or turns into a
headache.
Whether you dream of a cozy cottage, a modern villa, or a bustling apartment complex, the
first thing to get right is where and what you build on. Just like the Sharma family learned,
beauty must be paired with wisdom when choosing land.
SECTION-B
3. Explain with examples the elements of art:
(a) Line
(b) Form.
Ans: A Journey into the World of Art: Understanding Line and Form Like Never Before
Let’s begin with a soft breeze of imagination…
Imagine a small town nestled between green hills, where a little girl named Tara loved to
draw. Every evening after school, she would sit near the window with her sketchbook, her
fingers smudged with pencils and colors, as she brought her thoughts to life on paper. One
day, her grandfather, a retired art teacher, sat beside her and asked, “Tara, have you ever
wondered what makes a drawing come alive?”
Tara blinked and said, “I think it’s the colors.”
Her grandfather smiled. “Colors are magical, but the real soul of art starts with something
more basic—the elements of art. Let me tell you about two of the most important ones: Line
and Form. They are like the heartbeat and skeleton of a drawing.”
And so began Tara’s real adventure into the world of art—an adventure we’re about to take
with her.
(a) Line – The First Whisper of Art
A line may seem like the simplest element, just a mark between two points. But in the hands
of an artist, it becomes a powerful tool that shapes emotions, directs attention, and builds
the very structure of a picture.
Definition of Line
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In art, a line is a continuous mark made on a surface by a moving point. It can vary in length,
width, direction, and curve. Lines may be thick or thin, straight or curved, long or short, light
or dark.
Types of Lines and Their Feelings
Lines are not just physical marks—they carry emotional weight and can create different
moods or sensations:
1. Horizontal Lines – calm, peaceful, restful
➤ Like the horizon during sunset—it soothes the eyes and heart.
2. Vertical Lines – strength, stability, dignity
➤ Think of tall trees or pillars—they give a feeling of structure and power.
3. Diagonal Lines – movement, tension, excitement
➤ Used often in action scenes—showing motion or struggle.
4. Curved Lines – grace, softness, rhythm
➤ They feel natural, like a flowing river or the contour of a leaf.
5. Zigzag Lines – chaos, energy, confusion
➤ Great for dramatic effects—like lightning or a heated argument in a comic strip.
Examples of Line in Art
Let’s look at where these lines appear:
• In portraits, the soft curves around cheeks and lips give a gentle, realistic look.
• In landscapes, horizontal lines form the earth and sky.
• In buildings, vertical and diagonal lines create architectural depth and drama.
• Cartoons and illustrations often use bold, clear lines to outline characters and show
movement.
Why Lines Matter in Art
Lines do more than just outline things. They:
• Create shapes and forms
• Express feelings and movement
• Lead the viewer’s eye
• Suggest texture
• Build depth through cross-hatching or shading
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Story Example: The Line That Saved the Day
Once in an art competition, Tara had only five minutes left to finish her sketch of a dancer.
Her pencil outline looked stiff, like the dancer was frozen. Remembering her grandfather’s
words, she quickly added flowing, curved lines to the skirt, diagonal lines for the arms in
motion, and thin vertical lines in the background to suggest stage lights.
When the judges looked at it, one whispered, “It feels like the dancer is about to leap off the
page!”
Tara won second place—but more importantly, she had learned how lines could bring life
and emotion into a picture.
(b) Form – The Body of Art
If lines are the heartbeat, form is the body of the artwork.
Definition of Form
In art, form refers to an object with three dimensions—height, width, and depth. While
shapes are flat (2D), forms are solid (3D). They make artwork appear real, tangible, and
volumetric.
There are two types of form:
1. Geometric Forms – regular, mathematical, structured
➤ Examples: cube, sphere, cylinder, cone, pyramid
➤ Often used in architecture, modern design, and sculpture
2. Organic Forms – irregular, free-flowing, natural
➤ Examples: the human body, leaves, rocks, clouds
➤ These are seen in nature and realistic drawings
Why Form Is Important in Art
Form gives depth and volume. When artists create form in 2D art (like drawing or painting),
they use shading, highlights, and perspective to give the illusion of three-dimensionality.
Without form, everything would look flat and lifeless. Form allows us to draw a face that
pops out, or an apple that looks juicy enough to eat.
How Artists Show Form in 2D Art
• Shading and Tonal Value – Artists use light and dark areas to create the illusion of
curves and edges.
• Perspective – Using vanishing points and angles to suggest depth.
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• Contour Lines – Using varied lines to give a sense of curve and structure.
• Cross-hatching – Layered lines to build depth.
Examples of Form in Art
• In Renaissance art, like Michelangelo’s sculptures, form was emphasized through
realistic anatomy.
• In still life paintings, artists often focus on the forms of fruits, bottles, and bowls by
using light and shadow.
• In modern 3D animation, form is digitally sculpted using software, but the principle
remains the same.
Story Example: The Fruit That Fooled Everyone
In her school exhibition, Tara painted a still life—a bowl of apples and grapes. She used light
pencil strokes to sketch the shape and then applied layers of color. But what brought it to
life was her use of form—a strong highlight on the apple, a soft shadow under the bowl, and
a gradient on the grapes.
Many visitors thought it was a photograph until they looked closer and were stunned to see
it was a painting. Tara had not only mastered line but now understood form too—giving
depth to a flat sheet of paper.
Conclusion: The Artist’s Toolbox
Every great artist, whether painter, designer, sculptor, or even architect, begins with the
elements of art. Among them, Line and Form are the foundational building blocks:
• A line starts the journey. It’s the map, the motion, the expression.
• Form gives substance. It’s the body, the mass, the 3D life of art.
Together, they take something simple—like a child’s drawing—and turn it into something
extraordinary.
So next time you pick up a pencil or brush, remember what Tara learned from her
grandfather:
“You don’t just draw lines or shapes—you breathe life into them.”
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4. Draw and label the colour wheel.
Ans: A Fresh Beginning: A Surprise in Granny’s Attic
One rainy afternoon, little Arya went to visit her grandmother. Bored of playing with her
tablet, she curiously wandered into the attic of the old house. In one dusty corner, she
found a beautiful old wooden box. Inside it was something magical—an ancient artist's
toolkit. There were brushes, paints, and a folded parchment labeled in beautiful
handwriting: “The Colour Wheel – The Secret of All Beautiful Art.”
Fascinated, Arya ran down to her grandmother and asked, “Dadi, what’s this wheel about?”
Her grandmother smiled and said, “Ah, that is the very foundation of art and design. If you
want to understand colours and how they work together, the colour wheel is where your
journey begins.”
This is where our journey also begins—with understanding the colour wheel, how it's made,
and why it's such a powerful tool for artists, designers, decorators, and even fashionistas!
What is a Colour Wheel?
The colour wheel is a circular diagram of colours arranged in a way that shows their
relationships to each other. It's like a map that tells us how colours mix, match, or contrast
with one another.
Imagine colours as a family living in a circle-shaped neighborhood. Some are close relatives
(called analogous), some are total opposites (complementary), and others are like distant
cousins. This wheel helps us understand their relationships.
Let's First Draw the Colour Wheel:
To draw the most basic version of the colour wheel (the 12-part colour wheel), follow
these steps:
Step-by-Step Drawing Guide:
1. Draw a big circle on your paper.
2. Divide it like a pizza into 12 equal parts (like the numbers on a clock).
3. Begin placing the colours in the correct order. You’ll start with the Primary Colours
first, then the Secondary, and finally the Tertiary.
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Now Let’s Understand the Wheel in 3 Layers:
1. Primary Colours (The Base Pillars)
These are the main three colours that cannot be made by mixing other colours.
• Red
• Blue
• Yellow
Think of them like the “parents” of all other colours.
They are placed equally apart from each other on the wheel, forming a triangle.
2. Secondary Colours (Children of Primary Colours)
These are made by mixing two primary colours in equal parts.
• Red + Yellow = Orange
• Blue + Yellow = Green
• Red + Blue = Purple (Violet)
These are placed between the primary colours on the wheel.
3. Tertiary Colours (The Grandchildren)
These are made by mixing a primary colour with a secondary colour next to it. They have
names that combine both colour names.
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Examples:
• Red + Orange = Red-Orange
• Yellow + Orange = Yellow-Orange
• Yellow + Green = Yellow-Green
• Blue + Green = Blue-Green
• Blue + Purple = Blue-Purple
• Red + Purple = Red-Purple
These are placed between primary and secondary colours on the wheel.
Now your colour wheel is complete with 12 beautifully organized colours.
Story Interlude: Arya’s Discovery
After understanding the wheel, Arya began experimenting with the paints. She found that
when she placed red next to green, it popped out more. When she painted blue next to
orange, the painting looked more alive. That’s when she asked, “Why do some colours look
better together than others?”
Her grandmother said, “Because, dear Arya, every colour has a best friend and an opposite,
just like in real life!”
Relationships on the Colour Wheel:
Understanding these relationships helps in making good design and art choices.
Complementary Colours (Opposites Attract)
These are opposite each other on the wheel.
Examples:
• Red ↔ Green
• Blue ↔ Orange
• Yellow ↔ Purple
These combinations are high in contrast and stand out. Artists use them to draw attention.
Example: Christmas decorations often use red and green.
Analogous Colours (Side-by-Side Harmony)
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These are next to each other on the wheel.
Examples:
• Red – Red-Orange – Orange
• Blue – Blue-Green – Green
They blend well and give a calm, pleasing effect. Nature often uses these combinations in
flowers and landscapes.
Example: A beach scene with blue, blue-green, and green tones.
Triadic Colours (Evenly Spaced Triangle)
These are equally spaced on the wheel.
Example:
• Red – Yellow – Blue
• Green – Orange – Purple
They are vibrant and create visual balance.
Warm vs Cool Colours:
The colour wheel is also divided into warm and cool sides.
• Warm Colours (Red, Orange, Yellow): These are like the sun and fire. They create
energy, passion, and warmth.
• Cool Colours (Blue, Green, Purple): These are like water and sky. They give a feeling
of calm, peace, and freshness.
Designers use warm colours in restaurants (to make people feel hungry) and cool
colours in hospitals (to make people feel calm).
Colour Mixing and the Wheel:
The colour wheel helps us predict the result of mixing colours.
• Mix two primary colours → Get a secondary colour.
• Mix a primary + a secondary colour → Get a tertiary colour.
• Mix opposites (complementary) → Get a dull brown/gray tone.
• Mix with white → Tint (lighter version).
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• Mix with black → Shade (darker version).
This is super helpful in painting, interior design, graphic design, and even fashion.
Real-Life Uses of the Colour Wheel:
1. Interior Designers: Use it to choose wall colours, furniture, and curtain
combinations.
2. Fashion Stylists: Match clothes that complement each other.
3. Makeup Artists: Choose eye shadows or lipsticks that make eyes pop.
4. Artists & Painters: Make pleasing or dramatic compositions.
5. Photographers: Use it to create visually strong and balanced photos.
Arya’s Final Masterpiece
After learning all of this, Arya created a painting of a sunset where the sky had yellow,
orange, and red tones, and the ocean had purple and blue shades. She used complementary
contrasts and analogous harmony like a professional.
Her grandmother looked at the painting and said, “Now you truly understand the magic of
the colour wheel!”
Arya smiled and whispered, “All this started with just a circle and some colours. Who knew
something so simple could hold so much power?”
Final Notes to Remember (and Impress the Examiner!):
• The colour wheel helps us understand how colours interact.
• It’s divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary colours.
• You can create contrast with complementary colours.
• You can create harmony with analogous colours.
• It also shows the difference between warm and cool colours.
• It's useful in art, design, fashion, photography, and even emotions!
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SECTION-C
5. Define infection and give sources of infection.
Ans: Infection: The Invisible Intruder and Its Many Doorways into the Human Body
Long ago in the bustling village of Neemgaon, an otherwise cheerful boy named Aman fell ill
after playing near a stagnant pond. As his fever climbed and his strength faded, the village
doctor gently explained to his worried parents, “It’s an infection—his body is fighting
something that doesn’t belong.” That sentence, so simple yet profound, carried the weight
of centuries of science and survival.
Today, let’s walk through the concept of infection in a way that’s clear, engaging, and
rooted in everyday understanding. Because once we grasp how these hidden invaders work
and where they come from, we learn how to protect ourselves and others better.
What Is Infection?
Infection is the process by which microorganisms—tiny living entities such as bacteria,
viruses, fungi, or parasites—enter the body, multiply, and disrupt normal functioning. These
microbes can be friendly or hostile. When hostile ones breach our defenses, our immune
system responds like an army preparing for battle.
In simpler terms:
Infection is what happens when germs sneak into the body and begin causing trouble.
It doesn’t always mean sickness. Sometimes, the body neutralizes the microbes silently. But
when the immune system struggles, we experience symptoms like fever, inflammation,
fatigue, and more.
Types of Infectious Agents
Understanding the culprits helps us recognize their behavior and impact:
• Bacteria: Single-celled organisms. Some are harmless, while others cause diseases
like pneumonia or tuberculosis.
• Viruses: Not truly alive; they hijack living cells to reproduce. Responsible for colds,
flu, COVID-19, etc.
• Fungi: Cause infections like athlete’s foot or ringworm—especially in damp
environments.
• Parasites: Larger organisms like worms and protozoa that live inside hosts.
Example: malaria (caused by Plasmodium).
Each has a unique pathway, speed of spread, and treatment approach.
How Does Infection Happen?
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Infection begins when pathogens find a way into the body. They can enter through:
• Mouth (digestive system)
• Nose (respiratory system)
• Skin wounds or cuts
• Genital tract or urinary system
• Insect bites
Once inside, they multiply rapidly and try to outsmart the immune system. If successful,
symptoms begin.
Sources of Infection: Where Do These Invaders Come From?
The sources of infection are surprisingly diverse—some obvious, some hidden. Here’s a clear
breakdown:
1. Human Carriers
• Infected people can transmit pathogens through sneezing, coughing, touching, or
bodily fluids.
• Carriers may be symptomatic (showing signs) or asymptomatic (no visible signs).
Examples:
• A teacher with the flu sneezing near students
• A person sharing utensils while having a throat infection
2. Animals and Insects
• Known as zoonotic sources, these include dogs, birds, mosquitoes, rodents, and
others.
• Insects like mosquitoes transmit diseases from one host to another.
Examples:
• Malaria spread by mosquitoes
• Rabies from dog bites
• Bird flu from infected poultry
3. Contaminated Water
• Drinking water containing harmful bacteria or parasites can lead to severe infections.
Common diseases:
• Cholera
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• Typhoid
• Amoebiasis
This is especially common in areas with poor sanitation.
4. Contaminated Food
• Food that is undercooked, unwashed, expired, or handled with dirty hands can carry
microbes.
Example:
• Food poisoning after eating spoiled meat
• Salmonella infection from raw eggs or poultry
Street food, while delicious, becomes risky if hygiene is ignored.
5. Airborne Transmission
• Microbes travel through tiny droplets in the air when someone sneezes, coughs, or
even speaks.
Diseases spread this way:
• Tuberculosis
• Influenza
• COVID-19
Closed spaces with poor ventilation are hotspots.
6. Unhygienic Surroundings
• Dirty bathrooms, stagnant water, cluttered garbage attract pathogens.
• Flies and mosquitoes breed in such places, becoming mobile infection carriers.
A cluttered environment can turn a home into a microbial playground.
7. Hospital Equipment and Medical Procedures
• Improperly sterilized syringes, catheters, surgical tools can introduce infections.
• This is called nosocomial or hospital-acquired infections.
Rigorous sanitation in hospitals is not just a protocol—it’s a life-saving necessity.
8. Mother to Child Transmission
• Some infections like HIV, syphilis, or hepatitis B pass from mother to baby during
pregnancy or childbirth.
Prenatal care often includes screening for such risks.
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Story Break: The Tea Seller’s Lesson
In Mumbai, a roadside tea vendor named Ravi fell mysteriously ill. Doctors discovered he
had hepatitis A. The culprit? He hadn’t been boiling water long enough, assuming heat killed
everything instantly. This infection not only affected his health but also his livelihood.
Once recovered, Ravi became an advocate for hygiene, teaching other vendors about boiling
water and clean utensils. His illness turned into a community lesson—infections don’t just
harm individuals, they ripple through families and neighborhoods.
Why Understanding Infection Matters in Modern Society
In today’s globalized world:
• People travel frequently, making infection spread faster.
• New pathogens (like COVID-19) emerge unexpectedly.
• Antibiotic resistance threatens current treatments.
• Climate change alters insect populations, increasing vector-borne diseases.
Thus, being aware of infection sources helps us:
• Prevent illnesses through hygiene and vaccination
• Protect vulnerable groups like children, elders, and immunocompromised people
• Prepare better as a society for outbreaks
Health isn't just personal—it’s collective.
Final Thoughts: Knowledge Is Immunity
Infection may be invisible, but its effects are not. It creeps silently through air, water, hands,
and habits. But it can be stopped—through awareness, action, and science.
When we understand the sources and nature of infection, we don’t just protect ourselves—
we protect schools, streets, offices, and generations.
6. Explain the cause of Malaria. What is the method used to prevent spread of Malaria?
Ans: A Village, a Bite, and a Battle: The Story of Malaria
Long ago, in a peaceful little village surrounded by thick forests and calm rivers, people lived
happily. They enjoyed simple joys—playing in the fields, bathing in ponds, and walking
barefoot under the stars. Life was quiet and beautiful, until one rainy season when
something strange began to happen.
First, a boy named Ravi got a high fever. Then his sister, Meena, started shivering even
under a blanket. Soon, half the village was either burning with fever or too weak to get out
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of bed. The local healer was confused. “It’s not just a cold,” he muttered. “It’s something
else.”
Little did they know, a silent enemy had invaded their village—not through war, not through
food, but through something so small and ordinary that no one had suspected it: a mosquito
bite.
This is how Malaria often enters people’s lives—quietly, invisibly, and dangerously.
The Real Villain: What Causes Malaria?
Let’s dive into the real cause, breaking it down simply.
Malaria is not directly caused by mosquitoes—but by a microscopic organism called
Plasmodium. This organism is a parasite, which means it needs a host (like a human) to live
and grow.
There are five major types of Plasmodium that cause malaria in humans:
1. Plasmodium falciparum (most deadly)
2. Plasmodium vivax (common in India)
3. Plasmodium malariae
4. Plasmodium ovale
5. Plasmodium knowlesi
So, if the parasite is the main villain, how does it get into our body?
Here comes the supporting villain: the female Anopheles mosquito. When this mosquito
bites a person who already has malaria, it sucks up the blood containing Plasmodium
parasites. These parasites grow and multiply inside the mosquito for about 10 to 18 days.
Now, when this infected mosquito bites another healthy person, the parasite travels from
the mosquito’s saliva into the person’s bloodstream. And just like that, the parasite begins
its dangerous journey inside the human body.
The Attack on the Human Body
Once inside the body, the parasite goes to the liver and hides there silently for a few days.
Then it enters the red blood cells, which are responsible for carrying oxygen.
The Plasmodium multiplies inside these blood cells and causes them to burst open. This is
what causes:
• High fever
• Chills and shivering
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• Sweating
• Headache
• Weakness
• Sometimes, vomiting and body pain
In serious cases, especially with Plasmodium falciparum, malaria can affect the brain,
kidneys, and lungs, and may even cause death if not treated properly.
A Quick Recap – Causes of Malaria
1. Direct Cause: A parasite called Plasmodium.
2. Carrier (Vector): Female Anopheles mosquito.
3. Transmission: When this mosquito bites a healthy person after biting an infected
person.
4. Entry: The parasite travels from the mosquito’s saliva into the human bloodstream.
5. Infection site: Liver and red blood cells.
6. Symptoms: Fever, chills, weakness, etc.
How to Prevent the Spread of Malaria?
Now let’s return to our village story.
The village doctor arrived and explained, “We can’t fight mosquitoes with sticks, but we can
stop them from biting us. And if they don’t bite, they won’t spread the disease.”
Here’s what the doctor taught them—methods that are used around the world today to
prevent malaria.
1. Avoid Mosquito Bites – The First Defense
• Use Mosquito Nets: Sleeping under fine-mesh nets treated with insecticide (like
permethrin) protects people during the night, when mosquitoes are most active.
• Wear Protective Clothing: Long-sleeved shirts and full-length pants during dawn and
dusk hours reduce exposure.
• Apply Mosquito Repellents: Creams or sprays like DEET or citronella can be used on
exposed skin.
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2. Destroy Mosquito Breeding Grounds
Mosquitoes lay eggs in stagnant water. So if there’s water collected in old tyres, pots,
coolers, or ditches, that’s where mosquito babies (larvae) grow.
• Empty or Cover Water Containers: Regularly clean tanks, pots, and buckets.
• Put Oil in Ponds or Drains: A thin layer of kerosene oil on water can kill mosquito
larvae.
• Introduce Larvivorous Fish: These special fish eat mosquito larvae and can be
introduced into village ponds.
3. Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS)
The government often conducts spraying of insecticides on walls inside houses. These
chemicals kill mosquitoes that land on walls to rest after biting.
This is effective for several weeks and helps reduce the mosquito population indoors.
4. Antimalarial Drugs (Chemoprophylaxis)
People travelling to high-risk areas may be given medicines like chloroquine or doxycycline
in advance to prevent malaria. These medicines kill the parasite before it causes illness.
In infected persons, doctors may prescribe:
• Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT)
• Chloroquine (for P. vivax and others)
• Primaquine (to kill liver-stage parasites)
5. Community Awareness and Government Measures
Sometimes people don’t take the disease seriously until it’s too late. So awareness is key:
• Health campaigns, school sessions, and village meetings can help people learn the
importance of keeping their surroundings clean and protecting themselves.
• Government agencies also track and test malaria cases through blood tests,
providing free medicines and spraying services in rural areas.
Bonus: Is There a Vaccine for Malaria?
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Yes, after years of research, scientists have developed a malaria vaccine called RTS,S/AS01
(also known as Mosquirix). It was first used in some African countries and has shown
promising results, especially for young children.
India and other countries are now exploring its wider use.
A Hopeful Ending
As the rains continued, the villagers started following the doctor’s advice. Children began
sleeping under mosquito nets. The pond near the school was cleaned. People stopped
storing water in open containers. The government health workers came and sprayed
insecticide on the walls.
Within weeks, the fever cases dropped. Ravi and Meena got better. The village returned to
normal.
But this time, they knew the enemy—and they were ready.
Conclusion
Malaria is a serious yet preventable disease. The real cause is a tiny parasite called
Plasmodium, and it spreads through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. By
understanding how it spreads, and by using simple but powerful preventive methods—like
mosquito nets, cleanliness, and medicines—we can protect ourselves and our communities.
Just like the village in the story, if we all stay alert, aware, and united, we can win the battle
against malaria.
SECTION-D
7. Discuss the hygiene methods used during food preparation and food storage.
Ans: When a Mistake Led to a Movement: Hygiene in Food Preparation and Storage
In the tiny hill town of Surajgarh, a popular dhaba named “Chatori Junction” was famous for
its spicy curries and warm hospitality. One monsoon evening, a group of students fell ill
after eating there. The culprit? Improperly stored paneer that had turned sour. The incident
shocked the community—but what followed was inspiring. The dhaba owner, deeply
shaken, joined hands with health officials to learn and teach proper food hygiene. He
upgraded his kitchen, trained his staff, and even launched a “Safe Kitchen” campaign across
nearby villages.
Let’s embark on this journey—not just of food, but of safety. Because beneath every
delicious bite is a network of practices that protect us from illness and maintain nutritional
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quality. In this explanation, we’ll uncover the essential hygiene methods used during food
preparation and storage, sprinkled with everyday examples and a touch of storytelling
magic.
Why Food Hygiene Matters
Imagine your favorite dish—maybe a buttery dal makhani or crispy dosa. Now imagine
invisible bacteria slowly multiplying in it because it was left uncovered or stored poorly.
Gross, right?
Food hygiene isn’t just about cleanliness—it’s about preventing infections, ensuring safe
consumption, and maintaining freshness. Poor hygiene can lead to illnesses like food
poisoning, diarrhea, typhoid, hepatitis A, and more.
Hygiene During Food Preparation
Preparing food is more than chopping vegetables and lighting the stove. It involves a
systematic process where hygiene plays the lead role.
1. Hand Hygiene: The First Line of Defense
• Always wash hands with soap and clean water before handling food, after using the
toilet, touching pets, or handling waste.
• Dry hands with a clean towel—wet hands attract bacteria faster.
Why it matters: Our hands often carry germs, and they can easily transfer into food, causing
contamination.
2. Clean Utensils and Surfaces
• Wash all knives, chopping boards, plates, and cooking vessels with hot water and
soap.
• Sanitize cutting boards regularly, especially after handling raw meat or fish.
• Clean kitchen counters before and after cooking.
Tip: Use separate boards—green for vegetables, red for meat—to avoid cross-
contamination.
3. Washing Raw Ingredients Thoroughly
• Vegetables and fruits should be rinsed under clean running water.
• Leafy greens must be soaked and rinsed multiple times to remove mud and
pesticides.
• If using grains or legumes, check for debris and rinse before cooking.
Story in a flash: A health inspector once discovered that a restaurant’s salad had traces of
pesticide because it wasn’t washed properly. A simple rinse could’ve prevented a dozen
customers from falling ill.
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4. Keeping Raw and Cooked Foods Separate
• Store and prepare raw meats and vegetables separately from cooked dishes.
• Use different utensils to handle cooked and uncooked food.
Why? Bacteria from raw food (like salmonella in chicken) can contaminate ready-to-eat
items.
5. Cooking at the Right Temperature
• Use a thermometer or follow time-tested methods to ensure food is cooked
thoroughly.
• For example: Chicken should reach 75°C internally to kill bacteria.
• Avoid serving food that’s half-cooked, especially meat, eggs, and seafood.
Pro Tip: Reheat leftovers until steaming hot—not just lukewarm.
6. Safe Water Usage
• Use clean, filtered or boiled water for cooking and washing.
• Contaminated water can introduce bacteria, parasites, and viruses.
Bonus tip: Keep the sink clean and unclogged to avoid dirty water accumulation.
7. Personal Hygiene for Food Handlers
If someone’s cooking for others (at home or commercially), they must:
• Wear clean clothes and aprons
• Tie back long hair or wear a cap
• Avoid cooking if they’re sick (especially with fever or stomach upset)
• Cover any cuts on their hands with waterproof bandages
Hygiene During Food Storage
Preparing food hygienically is half the battle. Storing it safely is the next crucial step—
because even well-cooked food can go bad if stored improperly.
1. Use Refrigeration Wisely
• Store perishable foods like dairy, meat, eggs, and cooked items below 5°C.
• Don’t overload the fridge—cool air must circulate freely.
• Label and date leftovers to track freshness.
Golden rule: “When in doubt, throw it out.”
2. Cover All Food Items
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• Use airtight containers or wrap food in clean foil or covers.
• Open containers attract dust, insects, and airborne bacteria.
Small detail, big difference: Covering rice and dal kept overnight reduces chances of
microbial growth.
3. Follow the FIFO Rule (First In, First Out)
• Use older stocks before new ones—especially in grains, pulses, and packaged goods.
• Helps avoid spoilage and food waste.
4. Avoid Moisture in Dry Goods
• Store dry items like flour, salt, spices in airtight jars.
• Moisture encourages mold growth and insect infestation.
Quick tip: Drop a dry bay leaf in rice or wheat containers—it keeps bugs away naturally.
5. Keep Storage Areas Clean
• Sweep and mop pantry or store rooms weekly.
• Wipe jars and containers before refilling.
• Check for pests—rats, ants, and insects are common intruders.
6. Check Expiry Dates Regularly
• Periodically inspect packaged foods, condiments, and medicines.
• Avoid consuming anything past its shelf life—spoilage might not always be visible.
7. Freezing Do’s and Don’ts
• Freeze items in portions to avoid thawing the entire batch.
• Don’t refreeze food once thawed—it increases bacterial risk.
• Label with the freezing date for better tracking.
Summing Up with Sincerity
From the lively kitchen of Chatori Junction to your own, food hygiene is both a science and a
daily habit. It's not just about avoiding illness—it's about showing care for those who’ll eat
your food. Whether you're making rotis at home or running a restaurant, these practices
shape the health of a family, a classroom, or a community.
So next time you open the fridge, chop a tomato, or serve a meal—do it with hygiene in
mind. Because every bite deserves safety.
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8. Explain the process of water purification.
Ans: Introduction: The Tale of a Drop's Journey
Once upon a time, in a small village nestled between green hills and a flowing river, lived a
young boy named Aman. Aman was curious about everything, but one thing puzzled him the
most — how the dirty water from the river turned into clean, drinkable water in their
homes. One day, during a school trip to the local water treatment plant, Aman finally got to
see the magical journey of a drop of water from muddy to pure. Let’s walk along with Aman
as we explore the fascinating process of water purification — step by step, just like he did.
Water purification is not just a technical process; it's a lifeline. Whether we get water from
rivers, lakes, or underground sources, it usually contains impurities — dust, chemicals,
bacteria, viruses, parasites, and harmful minerals. To make it safe for drinking, this water
goes through multiple steps. And each step is like a checkpoint — checking and clearing the
water to make it clean, safe, and healthy.
Why Do We Need to Purify Water?
Before we jump into the steps, let's understand why water purification is so important.
• Health Protection: Impure water can carry diseases like cholera, typhoid, and
diarrhea.
• Taste and Smell: Raw water may have bad taste or odor due to decaying organic
matter.
• Safety for Use: Even if water looks clean, it can contain invisible germs or harmful
chemicals.
• Legal Standards: Government agencies have set standards for drinking water quality.
Purification ensures those are met.
So, let’s now understand each step of this process through Aman's eyes.
Step 1: Collection – The Beginning of the Journey
Aman saw giant pipes sucking in water from the nearby river. This was the collection point
— the very first step.
• What Happens: Water is collected from natural sources like rivers, lakes, reservoirs,
or underground wells.
• Purpose: To gather enough raw water for treatment.
Here, the water is still impure, carrying mud, leaves, bacteria, and many other particles.
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Step 2: Screening – Catching the Big Stuff
Next, the water passed through large metal screens, just like a tea strainer. Aman noticed
that leaves, plastic, twigs, and other big things were stuck there.
• What Happens: The water flows through screens that trap big debris.
• Purpose: To remove floating objects and prevent damage to the machines ahead.
Now the water looks a bit better, but it’s still far from drinkable.
Step 3: Coagulation and Flocculation – The Hidden Magic
This part seemed magical to Aman. A man added something into the water — chemicals like
alum (aluminum sulfate) — and stirred it.
• Coagulation: The chemical reacts with dirt and forms tiny clumps.
• Flocculation: The water is gently stirred to help these clumps (called flocs) grow
bigger.
Imagine dirt particles as tiny troublemakers. The coagulant acts like a policeman who rounds
them up, and flocculation helps them stick together.
• Purpose: To bring together tiny dirt particles so they can be easily removed.
Step 4: Sedimentation – Letting Gravity Do Its Work
After flocculation, the water is left undisturbed in a big tank.
• What Happens: The heavy flocs settle down at the bottom due to gravity.
• Purpose: To remove large suspended particles.
Aman was surprised how the bottom of the tank was filled with mud-like material. The clear
water on top now moves to the next stage.
Step 5: Filtration – The Real Clean-Up
Now came the big clean-up. Water passed through layers of sand, gravel, and charcoal —
just like passing through layers of sieves.
• What Happens: Water is filtered through layers of media (usually sand and gravel).
• Purpose: To remove remaining particles, bacteria, and impurities.
Each layer serves a purpose:
• Sand removes small particles.
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• Gravel supports the sand and helps in flow.
• Charcoal removes odor and bad taste.
After this stage, the water looked crystal clear. But Aman knew, just like invisible germs can
live on our hands, the water still had unseen enemies.
Step 6: Disinfection – Killing the Germs
This was the most important step. The water was treated with chlorine, and in some places,
ozone or ultraviolet light.
• What Happens: Germ-killing agents are added to the water.
• Purpose: To kill bacteria, viruses, and parasites.
Disinfection ensures that even the tiniest harmful organisms are eliminated. Chlorination is
the most common and effective method used worldwide.
Aman thought of it like applying sanitizer to hands — invisible but powerful.
Optional Step: Softening or Deionization – If Needed
In some places, especially where groundwater is hard (contains calcium and magnesium), an
extra step is added.
• What Happens: Water is treated with special chemicals or filters.
• Purpose: To remove excess minerals that cause hardness.
This makes water suitable for use in homes and industries where soft water is preferred.
Optional Step: pH Adjustment
Sometimes, the water’s acidity or alkalinity is too high or low. So, lime or other chemicals
are added to balance the pH level.
• Purpose: To prevent corrosion in pipes and improve taste.
Final Step: Storage and Distribution
Now that the water is clean, it is stored in clean reservoirs or overhead tanks. From there, it
travels through underground pipelines to reach every home, tap, or bottle.
Aman smiled as he saw the water flowing into a glass — clear, safe, and refreshing. His
question was finally answered.
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Recap: The Whole Journey at a Glance
Let’s summarize Aman’s journey with this list:
1. Collection – Gathering raw water.
2. Screening – Removing large debris.
3. Coagulation and Flocculation – Making dirt particles stick together.
4. Sedimentation – Letting heavy flocs settle.
5. Filtration – Removing remaining impurities.
6. Disinfection – Killing germs.
7. (Optional) Softening – Removing hardness.
8. (Optional) pH Adjustment – Balancing acidity.
9. Storage and Distribution – Sending clean water to homes.
Real-Life Example: How a Small Village Solved Its Water Problem
In a nearby village, people were falling sick because they drank water directly from a pond.
One day, an NGO visited and helped build a mini water purification system using the same
steps Aman saw: they used cloth for screening, alum for flocculation, a tank for
sedimentation, sand filters, and chlorine drops. Within weeks, the villagers noticed fewer
diseases and healthier lives. This shows how powerful water purification can be — even at
small scales.
What If We Don’t Purify Water?
Without purification, people may suffer from:
• Waterborne diseases (like dysentery or cholera)
• Skin infections
• Tooth and bone damage due to excess fluoride
• Poisoning due to heavy metals (like lead or arsenic)
Conclusion: Water Purification Is Not Just Science — It’s Life
Water purification is not just a boring technical process — it’s a silent hero that saves lives
every day. Thanks to the steps we just explored, billions of people can drink clean water,
take showers, cook food, and live safely.
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Just like Aman, the next time you see a glass of water, don’t just drink it — appreciate the
long, invisible journey it made from muddy chaos to pure clarity.
Clean water is not a luxury — it’s a necessity. And now, you know the beautiful story behind
every drop you drink.
“This paper has been carefully prepared for educational purposes. If you notice any mistakes or
have suggestions, feel free to share your feedback.”
